Dynasties and Rulers of China
China has had a long history of successive rulers from mythical sages to real people documented in historical chronicles. Below is a list of rulers by their reign title. Only the main dynastic players in Chinese history are listed.
The first section lists the mythical and semi-mythical rulers. These contributed towards the development of Chinese culture in general by their teaching of important skill to the people. The founders of the Xia4, Shang1 and Zhou1 dynasties are important only as signposts in the timeline, the transition between the mythical and the historical.
In the second section, Dynastic China, the major dynasties are given together with reign titles and dates. The names of the founders of those dynasties are given in brackets. The year given against each ruler is the year (in the Western calendar) of ascension the throne.
We end with the third section, post imperial Modern China. For a Unicode UTF-8 version of this page, click here.
- Mythical Rulers 50,000 BC - 2700 BC
- Pre-historic
- 有巢 (You3Chao2)
- 燧人 (Sui4Ren2) - Taught man to use fire to cook
- 三皇
- 伏羲 (Fu2Xi1) - First taught the people fishing, herd domestication, and the inventor of the octogram and writing.
- 女媧 (Nü3wa1) - Younger sister of 伏羲, fashioned four pillars of multicoloured stone set upon the back of a turtle to prop up the heavens.
- 神農 (Shen2Nong2) - Introduced agriculture, medicines and healing and the formulated the 64 hexagrams.
- Semi-mythical Rulers
- 五帝 (Wu3Di4) 2697 BC - 2033 BC
- 黃帝 (Huang2Di4) Inventor of the calendar, music, presided over the systemisation written language and healing
- 倉頡 (Cang1Ji2) , minister to 黃帝, systemised the written language.
- 顓頊 (Zhuan1Xu1) grandson of 黃帝, lived in Gao1Yang2 高陽 in modern Henan 河2南2 province
- 帝嚳 (Di4Ku4) (嚳 Ku4) Great grandson of 黃帝
- 唐堯 (Tang2Yao2) (堯 Yao2) Said to have created a the calendar, Great-great grandson of 黃帝, fifty years on the throne, ruled wisely.
- 虞舜 (Yu2Shun4) (舜 Shun4) Took reign after 堯 retired, controlled water and noted for his filial piety.
三代 (San1 Dai4) Three Dynasties of the semi-mythical age
- 禹 (Yu3) founder of 夏 the Xia4 Dynasty
- 湯 (Tang1) founder of 殷 the Yin1 (商 Shang1) Dynasty
- 武 (Wu2) founder of 西周 (Xi1Zhou1) the Western Zhou Dynasty
先王 (Xian1Wang2) Ancient Kings of the mythical - semi-mythical age
- 堯 great-great grandson of 黃帝
- 舜 reign after 堯 retired
- 禹 founder of 夏 the Xia Dynasty
- 湯 founder of 殷 the Yin (商) or Shang Dynasty
- 文 (Wen2) father of 武
- 武 founder of 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty
三代之聖王 (SanDai zi ShengHuang) Sage Kings of the Three Dynasties
- 禹 first ruler of 夏 the Xia Dynasty
- 湯 first ruler of 殷 the Yin (商) or Shang Dynasty
- 文 called 姬昌 was father to 武
- 武 first ruler of 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty
三代之暴君 (SanDai zi BaoJun) Cruel Rulers of the Three Dynasties
- 桀 (Jie2) last ruler of 夏 the Xia Dynasty (died 1562? BC)
- 紂 (Zhou4) last ruler of 殷 the Yin (商) or Shang Dynasty (died 1050)
- 幽 (Yuo1) last ruler of 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 771 BC)
- 厲 (Li4) cruel ruler during 西周 the Western Zhou Dynasty (died 826 BC)
- Xia4 夏 2033-1562 BC
禹 Yu3 First ruler of Xia, tamed floods, one of the Sage kings
啟 Qi3
太康 Tai4 Kang1
仲康 Zhong4 Kang1
相 Xiang1
少康 Shao3 Kang1
杼 Zhu4
槐 Huai2
芒 Mang2
泄 Xie4
不降 Bu4 Jiang4
扃 Jiong1
廑 Jin3
孔甲 Kong3 Jia3
皋 Gao1
發 Fa1
履癸 Lü3 Gui3 (桀 Jie2)
- Shang1 商 1562-1066 BC
湯 Tang1 overthrew the tyrannical ruler 桀 of the 夏 tribe. A Sage king
外丙 Wai4 Bing3
仲壬 Zhong4 Ren2
太甲 Tai4 Jia3
沃丁 Wo4 Ding1
太庚 Tai4 Geng1
小甲 Xiao3 Jia3
雍己 Yong1 Ji3
太戊 Tai4 Wu4
仲丁 Zhong4 Ding1
外壬 Wai4 Ren2
河亶甲 He2 Dan3 Jia3
祖乙 Zu3 Yi3
祖辛 Zu3 Xin1
沃甲 Wo4 Jia3
祖丁 Zu3 Ding1
南庚 Nan2 Geng1
陽甲 Yang2 Jia3
盤庚 Pan2 Geng1
小辛 Xiao3 Xin1
小乙 Xiao3 Yi3
武丁 Wu3 Ding1
祖庚 Zu3 Geng1
祖甲 Zu3 Jia3
廩辛 Lin3 Xin1
庚丁 Geng1 Ding1
武乙 Wu3 Yi3
太丁 Tai4 Ding1 (文丁 Wen2 Ding1)
帝乙 Di4 Yi3
帝辛 Di4 Xin1 (紂 Zhou4)
- Zhou1 Dynasty 周
武 (Wu3) name 武王姬發 (Wu3Wang2 Ji1Fa1) established the Zhou1 Dynasty. A Sage King. Father of 成王 (Cheng2Wang2).
文 (Vun2) father of 武 (name 西佰昌 Xi1Bai3Chang1) ancestor of the dukes of the 魯 Lu3 and 晉 Jin4 states during the Zhou1 Dynasty.
- Western Zhou1 西周 (Xi1 Zhou1) 1066-771 BC
武王 King Wu3 (姬發 Ji1 Fa1)
成王 King Cheng2
康王 King Kang1
昭王 King Zhao1
穆王 King Mu4
共王 King Gong1
懿王 King Yi4
孝王 King Xiao4
夷王 King Yi2
厲王 King Li4
共和行政 (Regency after death of King Li4) 841 BC
宜王 King Yi2 827 BC
幽王 King You1 781 BC
- Eastern Zhou1 東周 (Dong1 Zhou1) 770-256 BC
平王 King Ping2 (姬宜臼 Ji1 Yi2Jiu4) 770 BC
桓王 King Huan2 719 BC
莊王 King Zhuang1 696 BC
釐王 King Li2 681 BC
惠王 King Hui4 676 BC
襄王 King Xiang1 651 BC
頃王 King Qing3 618 BC
匡王 King Kuang1 612 BC
定王 King Ding4 606 BC
簡王 King Jian3 585 BC
靈王 King Ling2 571 BC
景王 King Jing3 544 BC
敬王 King Jing4 519 BC
元王 King Yuan2 475 BC
貞定王 King Zhen1 Ding4 468 BC
考王 King Xiao4 440 BC
威烈王 King Wei1 Lie4 425 BC
安王 King An1 401 BC
烈王 King Lie4 375 BC
顯王 King Xian3 368 BC
慎靚王 King Shen4 Jing4 320 BC
赧王 King Nan3 314 BC
- Spring and Autumn Period 春秋 (Chun1 Qiu1) 770-476 BC
- Warring States 戰國 (Zhan4 Guo2) 475-221 BC (Seven Most Powerful States)
- Qin2 秦
昭襄王 King Zhao1 Xiang1 (嬴則 Ying2 Ze2) 306 BC
孝文王 King Xiao4 Wen2 250 BC
莊襄王 King Zhuang1 Xiang1 249 BC
始皇帝 Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (嬴政 Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC see Qin 秦 below
二世皇帝 Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC
- Wei4 魏
- Zhao4 趙
- Han2 韓
- Chu3 楚
- Yan4 燕
- Qi2 齊etc.
- Qin2 秦 221-207 BC
始皇帝 Qin2 Shi3 Huang2 Di4 (嬴政 Ying2 Zheng4) 246 BC The First Emperor of Qin China
二世皇帝 Er4 Shi4 Huang2 Di4 209 BC The Second Emperor of Qin China
- Han4 漢
- Western Han 西漢 (Xi1 Han4) 206 BC - 8 AD
高帝 Emperor Gao1 (劉邦 Liu2 Bang1) 206 BC
惠帝 Emperor Hui4 194 BC
高后 Emperess Gao1 187 BC
文帝 Emperor Wen2 179 BC
景帝 Emperor Jing3 156 BC
武帝 Emperor Wu3 140 BC
昭帝 Emperor Zhao1 86 BC
宣帝 Emperor Xuan1 73 BC
元帝 Emperor Yuan2 48 BC
成帝 Emperor Cheng2 32 BC
哀帝 Emperor Ai1 6 BC
平帝 Emperor Ping2 1 AD
孺子嬰 (王莽攝政) Child heir, regent Wang Mang 6 AD
- Xin1 新 9AD - 25 AD
王莽 Wang2 Mang3 9 AD
更始帝 Emperor Shi3 Geng1 (劉玄 Liu2 Xuan2) 23 AD
- Eastern Han 東漢 (Dong1 Han4) 25 - 220 AD
光墓帝 Emperor Guang1 Mu4(劉秀 Liu2 Xiu4) 25 AD
明帝 Emperor Ming2 56
章帝 Emperor Zhang1 76
和帝 Emperor He2 89
殤帝 Emperor Shang1 106
安帝 Emperor An1 107
順帝 Emperor Shun4 126
沖帝 Emperor Chong1 145
質帝 Emperor Zhi4 146
桓帝 Emperor Huan2 147
靈帝 Emperor Ling2 168
少帝 Emperor Shao3 189
獻帝 Emperor Xian4 189
- Three Kingdoms 三國 (San1 Guo2) 220 - 265
- Wei4 魏 220-265
文帝 Wen2 Di4 (曹丕 Cao2 Pi1) 220
明帝 Ming2 Di4 227
齊王 Qi2 Wang2 240
高貴鄉公 Gao1 Gui4 Xiang2 Gong1 254
元帝 Yuan2 Di4 260
- Shu3 Han4 蜀漢 221-263
昭烈帝 Zhao1 Lie4 Di4 (劉備 Liu2 Bei4) 221
後主 Hou4 Zhu3 223
- Wu2 吳 222-280
大帝 Da4 Di4 222
會稽王 Hui4 Ji1 252
景帝 Jing3 Di4 258
末帝 Mo4 Di4 264
- Jin4 晉 265-420
- Western Jin4 西晉 (Xi1 Jin4) 265-317
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (司馬炎 Si1 Ma3 Yan2) 265
惠帝 Hui4 Di4 290
懷帝 Huai2 Di4 307
愍帝 Min3 Di4 313
- Eastern Jin4 東晉 (Dong1 Jin4) 317-420
元帝 Yuan2 Di4 (司馬睿 Si1 Ma3 Rui4) 317
明帝 Ming2 Di4 318
成帝 Cheng2 Di4 322
康帝 Kang1 Di4 317
穆帝 Mu4 Di4 345
哀帝 Ai1 Di4 362
海西公 Hai2 Xi1 Gong1 366
簡文帝 Jian3 Wen2 Di4 371
孝武帝 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 373
安帝 An1 Di4 397
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 419
- Sixteen States 十六國 (Shi2 Liu4 Guo2)
- Han4 漢 (Former Zhao 前趙 Qian2 Zhao4) 304-328
- Ran2 Wei4 冉魏 (Later Zhao 後趙 Hou4 Zhao4) 319-352
- Cheng2 成 (Han4 漢) 303-347
- Former Qin2 前秦 (Qian2 Qin2) 351-394
- Former Yan4 前燕 (Qian2 Yan4) 307-370
- Late Yan4 後燕 (Hou4 Yan4) 384-409
- Southern Yan4 南燕 (Nan2 Yan4) 398-410
- Late Qin2 後秦 (Hou4 Qin2) 384-417
- Xia4 夏 407-431
- Northern Wei4 北魏 (Bei3 Wei4) 409-436
- Former Liang2 前涼 (Bei3 Liang2) 313-376
- Late Liang2 後涼 (Hou4 Liang2) 386-403
- Southern Liang2 南涼 (Nan2 Liang2) 397-414
- Northern Liang2 北涼 (Bei3 Liang2) 397-439
- Western Liang2 西涼 (Xi1 Liang2) 400-421
- Western Qin2 西秦 (Xi1 Qin1) 385-431
- Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝 (Nan2 Bei3 Chao2)
- Southern Dynasties 南朝 (Nan2 Chao2)
- Song4 宋 420-479
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (劉裕 Liu2 Yu4) 420
少帝 Shao3 Di4 423
文帝 Wen2 Di4 424
孝武帝 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 454
前廢帝 Qian2 Fei4 Di3 465
明帝 Ming2 Di4 465
後廢帝 Hou4 Fei4 Di4 473
順忱帝 Shun4 Chen2 477
- Qi2 齊 479-502
高帝 Gao1 Di4 (蕭道成 Xiao1 Dao3 Cheng2) 479
武帝 Wu3 Di4 483
鬱林王 Yu4 Lin2 Wang2 494
海陵王 Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 494
明帝 Ming2 Di4 494
東昏侯 Dong1 Hun1 Hou2 499
和帝 He2 Di4 501
- Liang2 梁 502-557
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (蕭衍 Xiao1 Yan3) 502
簡文帝 Jian3 Wen2 Di4 550
元帝 Yuan2 Di4 552
敬帝 Jing4 Di4 555
- Chen2 陳 557-589
武帝 Wu3 Di4 (陳霸先 Chen2 Ba4 Xian1) 557
文帝 Wen2 Di4 560
廢帝 Fei4 Di4 567
宣帝 Xuan1 Di4 569
後主 Hou4 Zhu3 587
- Northern Dynasties 北朝 (Bei3 Chao2)
- Northern Wei4 北魏 (Bei3 Wei4) 386-534
道武帝 Dao4 Wu3 Di4 (拓跋珪 Tuo4 Ba2 Gui1) 386
明元帝 Ming2 Yuan2 Di4 409
太武帝 Tai4 Wu3 Di4 424
南安王 Nan2 An1 Di4 452
文成帝 Wen2 Cheng2 Di4 452
獻文帝 Xian4 Wen3 Di4 466
孝文王 Xiao4 Wen2 Di4 471
宣武帝 Xuan1 Wu3 Di4 500
孝明帝 Xiao4 Ming2 Di4 516
孝莊帝 Xiao4 Zhuang1 Di4 528
長廣王 Chang2 Guang1 Wang2 530
節閔帝 Jie1 Min3 Di4 531
安定王 An1 Ding4 Wang2 532
孝武帝 Xiao4 Wu3 Di4 532
- Eastern Wei4 東魏 (Dong1 Wei4) 534-550
孝靜帝 Xiao4 Jing4 Di4 (元善見 Yuan2 Shan4 Jian4) 534
- Northern Qi2 北齊 (Bei3 Qi2) 550-577
文宣帝 Wen2 Xuan1 Di4 (高洋 Gao1 Yang2) 550
廢帝 Fei4 Di4 560
孝昭帝 Xiao4 Zhao1 Di4 560
武成帝 Wu3 Cheng2 Di4 561
後主 hou4 Zhu3 565
幼主 You4 Zhu3 577
- Western Wei4 西魏 (Xi1 Wei4) 535-556
文帝 Wen2 Di4 (元寶炬 Yuan2 Bao3 Ju4) 535
廢帝 Fei4 Di4 552
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 554
- Northern Zhou1 北周 (Bei3 Zhou1) 557-581
孝閔帝 Xiao4 Min3 Di4 (宇文覺 Yu3 Wen2 Jiao4) 557
明帝 Ming2 Di4 557
武帝 Wu3 Di4 561
宣帝 Xuan1 Di4 579
靜帝 Jing4 Di4 579
- Sui2 隋 581-618
文帝 Wen2 Di4 (楊堅 Yang2 Jian1) 581
煬帝 Yang2 Di4 605
義寧 Yi4 Ning2 617
- Tang2 唐 618-907
高祖 Gao1 Zu3 (李淵 Li3 Yuan1) 618
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 627
高宗 Gao1 Zong1 650
中宗 Zhong1 Zong1 684
睿宗 Rui4 Zong1 684
武后 Wu3 Hou4 (武曌 Wu3 Zhao4) 684
- Zhou1 周 690-705
武后 Wu3 Hou, Empress Wu3 (武則天 Wu3 Ze2 Tian1) 690
中宗 Zhong1 Zong1 (李顯 Li3 Xian3) 705
殤帝 Shang1 Di4 710
睿帝 Rui4 Di4 710
玄帝 Xuan2 Di4 712
肅宗 Su4 Zong1 756
代宗 Dai4 Zong1 762
德宗 De2 Zong1 780
順宗 Shun4 Zong1 805
憲宗 Xian4 Zong1 806
穆宗 Mu4 zong1 821
敬宗 Jing4 Zong1 825
文宗 Wen2 Zong1 826
武宗 Wu3 Zong1 841
宣宗 Xuan1 Zong1 847
懿宗 Yi4 Zong1 859
僖宗 Xi1 Zong1 874
昭宗 Zhao1 Zong1 889
哀宗 Ai1 Zong1 904
- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國 (Wu3 Dai4 Shi2 Guo2)
- Five Dynasties 五代 (Wu2 Dai4)
- Later Liang2 後梁 (Hou Liang2) 907-923
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (朱晃 Zhu1 Huang3) 907
末帝 Mo1 Di4 913
- Later Tang2 後唐 (Hou4 Tang2) 923-936
莊宗 Zhuang1 Zong1 (李存勖 Li3 Cun2 Xu4) 923
明宗 Ming2 Zong1 926
閔帝 Min3 Di4 934
末帝 Mo4 Di4 934
- Later Jin4 後晉 (Hou4 Jin4) 936-946
高祖 Gao1 Zu3 (石敬瑭 Shi2 Jing3 Tang2) 936
出帝 Chu1 Di4 943
- Later Han4 後漢 (Hou4 Han4) 947-950
高祖 Gao1 Zu3 (劉暠 Liu2 Hao4) 947
隱帝 Yin3 Di4 949
- Later Zhou1 後周 (Hou4 Zhou1) 951-960
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (郭威 Guo1 Wei1) 951
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 955
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 960
- Ten Kingdoms 十國 (Shi2 Guo2)
- Wu2 吳 902-937
- Former Shu3 前蜀 (Qian2 Shu3) 907-925
- Wu2 Yue4 吳越 907-978
- Chu3 楚 907-951
- Min3 閩 909-945
- Nan2 Han4 南漢 917-971
- Jing1 Nan2 荊南 (Nan2 Ping2 南平) 924-963
- Later Shu3 後蜀 (Hou4 Shu3) 934-965
- Southern Tang2 南唐 (Nan2 Tang2) 937-975
- Northern Han4 北漢 (Bei3 Han4) 951-979
etc
- Song4 Dynasty 宋
- Northern Song4 北宋 (Bei3 Song4) 960-1127
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (趙匡胤 Zhao4 Kuang1 Yin4) 960
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 976
真宗 Zhen1 Zong1 998
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 1023
英宗 Ying2 Zong1 1064
神宗 Shen2 Zong1 1068
哲宗 Zhe2 Zong1 1086
徽宗 Hui1 Zong1 1101
欽宗 Qin1 Zong1 1126
- Southern Song4 南宋 (Nan2 Song4) 1127-1279
高宗 Gao1 Zong1 (趙構 Zhao4 Gou4) 1127
孝宗 Xiao4 Zong1 1163
光宗 Guang1 Zong1 1190
寧宗 Ning2 Zong1 1195
理宗 Li1 Zong1 1225
度宗 Du4 Zong1 1265
恭帝 Gong1 Di4 1275
端宗 Huan4 Zong1 1276
帝昺 Di4 Bing3 1278
- Liao2 遼 916-1125 ( 契丹 Qi4Dan1 The Khitans [situated in N.E. China])
The dynasty originally arose in 907 AD, and was called the Khitans 契丹 (QiDan) but its name changed to Liao2 遼 in 938 AD, back to Khitan in 983 AD and back to Liao again in 1066 AD.
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (耶律阿保機 Ye2 Lü4 A1 Bao3 Ji1) 907
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 927
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 947
穆宗 Mu4 Zong1 951
景宗 Jing3 Zong1 969
聖宗 Sheng4 Zong1 982
興宗 Xing1 Zong1 1031
道宗 Dao4 Zong1 1055
天祚帝 Tian1 Zuo4 Di4 1101
- Western Xia4 西夏 (Xi1 Xia4) 1032-1226 (The Tanguts 黨項 Dang3Xiang4 [inhabited the Ordos])
景宗 (李元昊 Li3 Yuan2Hao4) 1032
毅宗 Yi4 Zong1 1049
惠宗 Hui4 Zong1 1057
崇宗 Chong2 Zong1 1086
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 1140
桓宗 Huan2 Zong1 1194
襄宗 Xiang1 Zong1 1206
神宗 Shen2 Zong1 1211
獻宗 Xian4 Zong1 1223
南平王 Nan2 Ping2 Wang2 1226
- Jin2 金 1115-1234 (The Jurchens [defeated their rulers the Khitans])
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (完顏旻 Yuan2 Yan2 Min2) 1115
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 1123
熙宗 Xi1 Zong1 1135
海陵王 Hai3 Ling2 Wang2 1149
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 1161
章宗 Zhuang1 Zong1 1190
衛紹王 Wei4 Shao4 Wang2 1209
宣宗 Xuan4 Zong1 1213
哀宗 Ai1 Zong1 1224
末帝 Mo4 Di4 1234
- Yuan2 元 1279-1368
- Mongol 蒙古 (Meng3 Gu3) Dynasty
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bei4 Er2 Zhi3 Jin1 Tie3 Mu4 Zhen1 / Temujin / Genghis Khan / Chingiz) 1206
拖雷 Tuo1 Lei2 / ToLui (監國) 1228
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 (窩闊臺 Ögödei / Ogötäi) 1229
乃馬真后 Nai3 Ma3 Zhen1 Hou4 / Töregene (稱制 Queen Regent) 1242
定宗 Ding4 Zong1 (貴由 Güyük) 1246
海迷失后 Hai3 Mi2 Shi1 Hou4 / Ogul Gaimysh / Oghul Qaimish (稱制 Queen Regent) 1249
憲宗 Xian4 Zong1 (蒙哥 Möngke / Möngkë) 1251
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 (忽必烈 Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1260
Kublai Khan names his dynasty "Yuan2 元" in 1271 and conquers Song4 宋 China in 1279
- Yuan2 元 1279-1368
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 (忽必烈 Hu1 Bi4 Lie4 / Kublai Khan / Qubilai) 1279
成宗 Cheng2 Zong1 ( 鐵穆耳 Tie3 Mu4 Er3 / Temür / Temür Öljeitü) 1295
武宗 Wu2 Zong1 (海山 KhaiShan / Kuluk) 1308
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 (愛育黎拔力八達 Ayurparibhadra / Buyantu / Ayurbarwada) 1312
英宗 Ying1 Zong1 (碩德爸剌 Sudhipala / Shidebala) 1321
泰定帝 Tai4 Ding4 Di4 (也孫鐵木兒 Yesün Temür) 1324
天順帝 Tian1 Shun4 Di4 (阿速吉八 Asikipa / Aragibag) 1328
文宗 Wen2 Zong1 (圖帖睦爾 Togh Temür / Toq Temür) 1328
明宗 Ming2 Zong1 (和世**剌 Kushala / Qoshila) 1329
** The last character in 和世剌 is unavailable in the Big5 Character set. It is composed of 王剌 although the Unicode 3.0 CJK UI Extention A now contains this character at U+3EDD or 16093 㻝.
寧宗 Ning2 Zong1 (懿璘質班 Rinchen Pal / Irinjibal) 1332
順帶 Shun4 Di4 (妥權帖睦爾 Toghan Temür / Toghon Temür) 1333
- Ming2 明 1368-1661
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 (朱元璋 Zhu1 Yuan2 Zhuang1) 1368
惠帝 Hui4 Di4 1399
成祖 Cheng2 Zu3 1403
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 1425
宣宗 Xuan1 Zong1 1426
英宗 Ying1 Zong1 1436
代宗 Dai4 Zong1 1450
英宗 Ying1 Zong1 1457
憲宗 Xian4 Zong1 1465
孝宗 Xiao4 Zong1 1488
武宗 Wu3 Zong1 1506
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 1522
穆宗 Mu4 Zong1 1567
神宗 Shen2 Zong1 1573
光宗 Guang1 Zong1 1620
熹宗 Xi1 Zong1 1621
思宗 Si1 Zong1 1628
- Qing1 清 1636-1911
Also known as the Man3 Zhou1 Manchu 滿州 Dynasty
- Later Jin1 後金 1616-1636
太祖 Tai4 Zu3 天命 Tian1 Ming4
(愛新覺羅努爾哈赤 Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Nu2 Er3 Ha3 Chi4, Aisin Gioro Nurhachi)
1616
太宗 Tai4 Zong1 天聰 Tian1 Cong1 1627
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 順治 Shun4 Zhi4 1634
Shun4 Zhi4 changes the dynastic name Later Jin1 後金 to Qing1 清 in 1636, conquering Ming 明 China in 1644
- Qing1 清 1644 - 1911
世祖 Shi4 Zu3 順治 Shun4 Zhi4 1644
聖祖 Sheng4 Zu3 康熙 Kang1 Xi1 1662
世宗 Shi4 Zong1 雍正 Yong1 Zheng4 1723
高宗 Gao1 Zong1 乾隆 Qian2 Long2 1736
仁宗 Ren2 Zong1 嘉慶 Jia1 Qing4 1796
宣宗 Xuan1 Zong1 道光 Dao4 Guang1 1821
文宗 Wen2 Zong1 咸豐 Xian2 Feng1 1851
穆宗 Mu4 Zong1 同治 Tong2 Zhi4 1862
德宗 De2 Zong2 光緒 Guang2 Xu4 1875
溥儀 Pu3 Yi4 宣統 Xuan1 Tong3 1909
- Kingdom of Heavenly Peace 太平天國 (Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2) 1850-1864
洪秀全 Hong2 Xiu4 Quan2 (b.1813 d. 1 June 1864) 1850
Hong2 Xiu4 Quan is said to have commited suicide by taking poison, and was suceeded by his son,
洪天貴福 Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 (b. 23 Nov 1849 d. 18 Nov 1864) 1864
The Fu2 character in Hong2 Tian1Gui4 Fu2 洪天貴福 was appended to his name by his father when he was twelve years old. TianGui Fu continues the Tai4 Ping2 Tian1 Guo2 until his surrender, capture and execution of his followers. He dies a few days before his fifteenth birthday having succeeded his father for just over five and a half months.
- 滿洲國 Man1 Zhou1 Guo2 (Manchukuo) Puppet State 1932 - 1945
(愛新覺羅溥儀 Ai4 Xin1 Jue2 Luo2 Pu3 Yi4 / Aisin Gioro Pu Yi ) 1932-1945
PuYi becomes Emperor of Manchukuo, 28 January 1932. Abidicated 15 August 1945 after Japanese surrender. Later, he was captured by the Communists and reeducated, gaining a pardon on 4 December 1959 and dies in 1967.
Communists
- 毛澤東 Mao ZeDong 1931 - 1949
Mao leads a band of Communist followers on what will become known as The Long March when Jiang attacks them. Civil war occurs after the departure of the Japanese forces, and won by the communists in 1949.
People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國 1949 - present
毛澤東 Mao2 Ze2 Dong1 / Mao Tse-Tung (b. 1893) 1949 - 1976
After Mao ZeDong's death, Prime Minister Hua4 Guo2 Feng1 (華國鋒) becomes acting head of state 1976-1977
鄧小平 Deng4 Xiao3 Ping2 (b. 1902) 1976 - 1997
江澤民 Jiang1 Ze2 Ming2 (b. 1926) 1997 - 2002
胡錦濤 Hu2 Jin3 Tao1 (b. 1942) 2002 - 2012
習近平 Xi2 Jin4 Ping2 (b. 1953) 2012 -
References
- Si Jiao Hao Ma Xin Ci Dian 四角號碼新詞典, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan 商務印書館
- Shang Wu Xin Zi Dian 商務新字典, Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan 商務印書館
- Benesse KanWa Jiten 福武漢和辭典
- From Emperor to Citizen, The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi. Transl. W.J.F. Jenner
- God's Chinese Son, (The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong XiuQuan), Jonathan Spence. Harper Collins, 1996. ISBN 0-00-255584-0.
- A History of China, J.A.G. Roberts, Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-65426-9
- The Cambridge illustrated history of China, Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43519-6 pbk / ISBN 0-521-66991-X hbk
- Modern China - An Illustrated History, J.A.G. Roberts, Sutton Pub. ISBN 0-86299-847-6
- The Concise Encyclopedia of World History. Rodney Castleden
- Ancestors - 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family, Frank Ching, Harrap, ISBN 0-245-54675-8
- The Mongols, E.D. Phillips. Thames and Hudson. 1969
- The Mongol Warriors - Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hülegü, Tamerlane. David Nicolle. 1990. ISBN 1-85314-104-6
- Ghengis Khan - Conqueror of the World. Leo De Hartog. I. B. Taurus (publ.). 1989. ISBN 1-86064-375-2
Links
Some other pages of interest, especially regarding the Age of the Warlord.
The following links are to other dynastic information from other countries and China.
Home
Credits
I would like to thank Al Chu for helping me out with some information about Taiwanese leaders. And to suggestions of sites from news:sci.lang.japan for Japanese and Chinese monarch on Thurday 14th and Friday 15th December 2000. It provided me with some information for the northern Warlords.
And also Robert Wishlaw for alerting me to a typo.
This page was created on Monday 2nd October 2000 and was last updated on
Thursaday 2nd April 2015
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© Dylan W.H.Sung 2000 onwards