Hakka Phoneticisation.

( There also exist other ASCII reprepresentations, such as David Prager Banner's article, "Proposal for an ASCII Version of the IPA", but this is not used here in this article.)

Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index

Authors and titles of the books used to compile this table are show in the next table. TLPA refers to the "Taiwan Language Phonetic Alphabets". Some notes appear at the end of this article for abbreviations and terms.

Tones and Tone Markers

Typical Tone Sandhi Rules

For the majority of Hakka dialects, which belong to the JiaYing subgroup, tone sandhi occurs on the first syllable if the following syllable is of a lower tone for some tones only. For example, if [xⁿ] is a syllable with tone n, the for the Jiaying Hakka subdialect of Shatoujiao (ShaTauKok, SaThewKok, SaTdiuGok, SaTeuGog):

Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index

Initials

Notes:

Hailu

IPA Phonetic	Hakka Phonemic	ZhuYin FuHao (Mandarin)	Hakka 馮輝岳	Hakka ZYFH 彭德修	Hakka 彭德修	Hagga 劉鎮發	Hagga 張維耿	HakGa DWHS STdG	TLPA ZhuYin		/hak ka/ ASCII IPA
	b	ㄅ	ㄅ	ㄅ	p	b	b	b	p	ㄅ	/p/
	p	ㄆ	ㄆ	ㄆ	ph	p	p	p	ph	ㄆ	/p'/
	m	ㄇ	ㄇ	ㄇ	m	m	m	m	m	ㄇ	/m/
	f	ㄈ	ㄈ	ㄈ	f	f	f	f	f	ㄈ	/f/
	v		万	Ｖ	v	v	v	v	v	万	/v/
	d	ㄉ	ㄉ	ㄉ	t	d	d	d	t	ㄉ	/t/
	t	ㄊ	ㄊ	ㄊ	th	t	t	td	th	ㄊ	/t'/
	n	ㄋ	ㄋ	ㄋ	n	n	n	n	n	ㄋ	/n/
	l	ㄌ	ㄌ	ㄌ	l	l	l	l	l	ㄌ	/l/
	g	ㄍ	ㄍ	ㄍ	k	g	g	g	k	ㄍ	/k/
	k	ㄎ	ㄎ	ㄎ	kh	k	k	k	kh	ㄎ	/k'/
	ng		兀	π	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	兀	/N/
	h	ㄏ	ㄏ	ㄏ	h	h	h	h	h	ㄏ	/h/
	z	ㄗ	ㄗ	ㄗ	ch [ch]	z	z	ts	ts	ㄗ	/ts/
	c	ㄘ	ㄘ	ㄘ	chh [chh]	c	c	t	tsh	ㄘ	/ts'/
	s	ㄙ	ㄙ	ㄙ	s [s]	s	s	s, sh	s	ㄙ	/s/
	j	ㄐ	ㄐ	ㄗむㄓめ	ch [ch]	j(i)	j(i)	j, ts	ch 海	ㄓ 海	/tc./
	q	ㄑ	ㄑ	ㄘむㄔめ	chh [chh]	q(i)	q(i)	ch	chh 海	ㄔ 海	/tc.'/
	x	ㄒ	ㄒ	ㄙむㄕめ	s [s]	x(i)	x(i)	s, sh	sh 海	ㄕ 海	/c./
	y		－	Ｊむㄖめ	y	(y)	(y)	y, z	j 海	ㄖ 海	/j/
Palatized and Labialized Velars
	g-i-		ㄍㄧ	ㄍㄧ	ki-	gi-	gi-	gi-
	k-i-		ㄎㄧ	ㄎㄧ	khi-	ki-	ki-	ki-
	ng-i-		兀ㄧ	πㄧ	ngi-	ngi-	ngi-	ngi-
	h-i-		ㄏㄧ	ㄏㄧ	hi-	hi-	hi-	hi-
	g-i-		ㄍㄨ	ㄍㄨ	ko-	gu-	gu-
	k-i-		ㄎㄨ	ㄎㄨ	kho-	ku-	ku-

Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index

Rhymes

                  [intial vowel] { [-i] [-u] [-m] [-n] [-ng] [-p] [-t] [-k] }

[intial vowel + secondary vowel] { [-i] [-u] [-m] [-n] [-ng] [-p] [-t] [-k] }

In the scheme for representing Taiwanese Hakka sounds 馮輝岳 has used the occlusive endings ㄅㄉㄍ (-b -d -g) in the final positions of the sounds, where the ZhuYin Fuhao as used by 彭德修 are ㄆㄉㄎ (-p -t -k).

IPA Phonetic	No	Hakka Phonemic	ZhuYin FuHao	張維耿	劉鎮發	彭德修	DWHS STK/ STdG	TLPA ZhuYin		ASCII IPA
	1	a	ㄚ	a	a	a	a	a	ㄚ	/a/
	2	ai	ㄞ	ai	ai	ai	ai	ai	ㄞ	/ai/
	3	au	ㄠ	au	ao au	au	ao au	au	ㄠ	/au/
	4	am	ㄚㄇ	am	am	am	am	am	ㄚㄇ	/am/
	5	an	ㄢ	an	an	an	an	an	ㄢ	/an/
	6	ang	ㄤ	ang	ang	ang	ang	ang	ㄤ	/aN/
	7	ap	ㄚㄆ	ab	ab	ap	ab ap	ap	ㄚㄅ	/ap/
	8	at	ㄚㄊ	ad	ad	at	ad at	at	ㄚㄉ	/at/
	9	ak	ㄚㄎ	ag	ag	ak	ag ak	ak	ㄚㄍ	/ak/
	10	e	ㄝ	ê	e	e	e	e	ㄝ	/E/
	11	eu	ㄝㄨ	êu	eu	eu	iu	eu	ㄝㄨ	/Eu/
	12	em	ㄝㄇ	êm	em	em	em	em	ㄝㄇ	/Em/
	13	en	ㄝㄣ	ên	en	en	en	en	ㄝㄣ	/En/
	14	ep	ㄝㄆ	êb	eb	ep	eb ep	ep	ㄝㄅ	/Ep/
	15	et	ㄝㄊ	êd	ed	et	ed et	et	ㄝㄉ	/Et/
	16	em	－ㄇ	em		üm	im			/@/
	17	en	－ㄣ	en		ün	in			/@n/
	18	ep	－ㄆ	eb		üp	ib ip			/@p/
	19	et	－ㄊ	ed		üt	id it			/@t/
	20	i	－	i	i	i	i	i	－	/i/
	21	im	－ㄇ	im	im	im	im	im	－ㄇ	/im/
	22	in	－ㄣ	in	in	in	in	in	－ㄣ	/in/
	23	ip	－ㄆ	ib	ib	ip	ib ip	ip	－ㄅ	/ip/
	24	it	－ㄊ	id	id	it	id it	it	－ㄉ	/it/
	25	ia	－ㄚ	ia	ia	ia	ia	ia	－ㄚ	/ia/
	26	iai	－ㄞ	iai	iai	iai	ai	ia	－ㄚ－	/iai/
	27	iau	－ㄠ	iau	iao iau	iau	iao iau	iau	－ㄠ	/iau/
	28	iam	－ㄚㄇ	iam	iam	iam	iam	iam	－ㄚㄇ	/iam/
	29	ian ien	－ㄢ －ㄝㄣ	iên	ian	ien	en ien	ian	－ㄢ	/ian/ /iEn/
	30	iang	－ㄤ	iang	iang	iang	iang	iang	－ㄤ	/iaN/
	31	iap	－ㄚㄆ	iab	iab	iap	iab iap	iap	－ㄚㄅ	/iap/
	32	iat iet	－ㄚㄊ －ㄝㄊ	iad	iad	iet	ied iet	iat	－ㄚㄉ	/iat/ /iEt/
	33	iak	－ㄚㄎ	iag	iag	iak	iag iak	iak	－ㄚㄍ	/iak/
	34	ie	－ㄝ	iê	ie			ie	－ㄝ	/iE/
	35	( ieu )	－ㄝㄨ		ieu	ieu	iu iao iau	ieu	－ㄝㄨ	/iEu/
	36	( iem )	－ㄝㄇ		iem	am				/iEm/
	37	ien	－ㄢ	iên	ian	ien	en ien			/iEn/
	38	( iep )	－ㄝㄆ		ieb	iep	eb ( ieb ) ep ( iep )			/iEp/
	39	iet	－ㄝㄊ	iêd	iad	iet	ed ( ied ) et ( iet )			/iEt/
	40	io	－ㄛ	io	io	io	io	io	－ㄛ	/iO/
	41	( ioi )	－ㄛ－		ioi	ioi	ioi	ioi	－ㄛ－	/iOi/
	42	ion	－ㄛㄣ	ion	ion	ion	ion	ion	－ㄛㄣ	/iOn/
	43	iong	－ㄛㄥ	iong	iong	iong	iong	iong	－ㄛㄥ	/iON/
	44	iot	－ㄛㄊ		iod	iot	iod iot	iot	－ㄛㄉ	/iOt/
	45	iok	－ㄛㄎ	iog	iog	iot	iog iok	iok	－ㄛㄍ	/iOk/
	46	iu	－ㄨ	iu	iu	iu	iu	iu	－ㄨ	/iu/
	47	iui	ㄨ－	iui	iui	ui				/iui/
	48	iun	－ㄨㄣ	iun	iun	iun	iun	iun	－ㄛㄣ	/iui/
	49	iung	－ㄨㄥ	iung	iung	iung	iung	iung	－ㄛㄥ	/iuN/
	50	iut	－ㄨㄊ	iud	iud	iut	iud iut	iut	－ㄨㄉ	/iut/
	51	iuk	－ㄨㄎ	iug	iug	iuk	iug iuk	iuk	－ㄨㄍ	/iuk/
	52	i u	－ ㄨ	i	i	ü	i u	ii	⊥	/i./
	53	( im ) ( um )	－ㄇ ㄨㄇ		Im			iim	⊥ㄇ	/i.m/
	54	( in ) ( un )	－ㄣ ㄨㄣ		In			iin	⊥ㄣ	/i.n/
	55	( ip ) ( up )	－ㄆ ㄨㄆ		Ip			iip	⊥ㄅ	/i.p/
	56	( it ) ( ut )	－ㄊ ㄨㄊ		It			iit	⊥ㄉ	/i.t/
	57	o	ㄛ	o	o	o	o	o	ㄛ	/O/
	58	oi	ㄛ－	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	ㄛ－	/Oi/
	59	on	ㄛㄣ	on	on	on	on	on	ㄛㄣ	/on/
	60	ong	ㄛㄥ	ong	ong	ong	ong	ong	ㄛㄥ	/oN/
	61	ot	ㄛㄊ	od	od	ot	od ot	ot	ㄛㄉ	/Ot/
	62	ok	ㄛㄎ	og	og	ok	og ok	ok	ㄛㄍ	/Ok/
	63	u	ㄨ	u	u	u	u	u	ㄨ	/u/
	64	ui	ㄨ－	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ㄨ－	/ui/
	65	un	ㄨㄣ	un	un	un	un	un	ㄨㄣ	/un/
	66	ung	ㄨㄥ	ung	ung	ung	ung	ung	ㄨㄥ	/uN/
	67	ut	ㄨㄊ	ud	ud	ut	ud ut	ut	ㄨㄉ	/ut/
	68	uk	ㄨㄎ	ug	ug	uk	ug uk	uk	ㄨㄍ	/uk/
	69	ua	ㄨㄚ	ua	ua	oa		ua	ㄨㄚ	/ua/
	70	uai	ㄨㄞ	uai	uai	oai		uai	ㄨㄞ	/uai/
	71	uan	ㄨㄢ	uan	uan	oan		uan	ㄨㄢ	/uan/
	72	uang	ㄨㄤ	uang	uang	oang		uang	ㄨㄤ	/uaN/
	73	uat	ㄨㄚㄊ	uad	uad	oat		uat	ㄨㄚㄉ	/uat/
	74	uak	ㄨㄚㄎ	uag	uag	ok oak				/uak/
	75	ue	ㄨㄝ	uê	ue	oe		ue	ㄨㄝ	/uE/
	76	uen	ㄨㄝㄥ	uên	uen	oen		uen	ㄨㄝㄥ	/uEn/
	77	uet	ㄨㄝㄊ	uêd	ued	oet		uet	ㄨㄝㄉ	/uEt/
	78	uo	ㄨㄛ	uo	uo	o				/uO/
	79	uon	ㄨㄛㄣ	uon	uon	oan				/uOn/
	80	uong	ㄨㄛㄥ	uong	uong	ong oang				/uON/
	81	( uot )	ㄨㄛㄊ	uod	uod					/uOt/
	82	uok	ㄨㄛㄎ	uog	uog	ok				/Ok/
	83	m	ㄇ	m	m	m	m	m	ㄇ	/m-/
	84	( n )	ㄋ	n	n	n	n	n	ㄣ	/n-/
	85	ng	兀	ng	ng	ng	ng	ng	ㄥ	/N-/

Notes

HaiLu refers to HaiFeng and LiuFeng on the southern coast of Guangdong. This area was once called HuiZhou Prefecture. Taiwanese Hailu speakers therefore come from these regions, and their tone structure has seven tones.

JN in the tables refer to Jerry Norman, "Chinese".

HH in the tables refer to Henry Henne, "Sathewkok Phonology".

Tones : Tone Sandhi : Initials : Rhymes : References : Index